Evaluation of vegetables and fish oils for the attenuation of diabetes complications (2023)

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Corresponding Author(s) : Mohd adnan Kausar Abstract Keywords Author Biography Videos

Kehkashan Parveen

Department of Biochemistry, Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi–110062, India

Waseem Ahmad Siddiqui

Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Jamal Mohammad Arif

Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, KSA

Mohammed Kuddus

Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, KSA

Syed Monowar Alam Shahid

Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, KSA

(Video) HEALTH BENEFITS OF FISH OIL

Corresponding Author(s) : Mohd adnan Kausar

adnankausar1@gmail.com

Cellular and Molecular Biology,Vol. 65 No. 7: Issue 7

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Abstract

The present study was accomplished to examine and compare the effect of specific antioxidant-rich oils on hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, renal function markers and oxidative renal damage in diabetic rats for four weeks. Papaya (P), olive (O), fenugreek (Fe), bitter gourd (B) and fish (Fi) oils were used for this purpose. Streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally in a single dose to induce diabetes. All oils were given orally at a dose of 3g/kg for four weeks in respective group after induction of diabetes. After treatment with oils, blood was collected, and their kidneys were stored. The level of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) increased while amylase and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level decreased in the diabetic rats. These changes were augmented by fenugreek, bitter gourd and olive oils treatment. Diabetic rats showed elevated renal function markers in serum, including, serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which were restrained significantly by fenugreek and bitter gourd oil treatment. Moreover, fenugreek and bitter gourd oils treatment significantly modulated the level of thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), malonaldehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) in the kidney of diabetic rats. The histopathological examination also showed the protective effect of these oils. The study suggests that vegetable oils are effective in reducing hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and renal damage related to the side effects of diabetes. Thus they may have therapeutic value for preventing diabetes side effects and may be included in oil diet treatment synergically. Thus, our data suggest that oils as potent antidiabetic agent and beneficial in the control of diabetes-related abnormalities such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and renal damage of STZ induced rat model of type 2 diabetes. Our study also supports the suggestion that synergistic possibilities exist concerning the use of these oils in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Keywords

Fenugreek oilBitter gourd oilType 2 diabetesHyperglycemiaDyslipidemiaRenal damage.

Parveen, K., Siddiqui, W. A., Arif, J. M., Kuddus, M., Shahid, S. M. A., & Kausar, M. adnan. (2019). Evaluation of vegetables and fish oils for the attenuation of diabetes complications. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 65(7), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2019.65.7.8

(Video) Take Fish Oil Every Day for 20 Days, See How Your Body Changes
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References

  1. Green J, Feinglos M. Update on type 2 diabetes mellitus: understanding changes in the diabetes treatment paradigm. Int J Clin Prac 2007; 61: 3–11.
  2. International Diabetes Federation .Global Prevalence Diabetes Data is available from the IDF Diabetes Atlas 4th Edition, 2009.
  3. Khunti K, Ganguli S. Who looks after people with diabetes: primary or secondary care? J R Soc Med. 2000; 93: 183–6.
  4. Mahler RJ, Adler ML. Clinical review 102: Type 2 diabetes mellitus: update on diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84:1165-71.
  5. Henquin C, Debuyser A, Drews G, Plant TD. Regulation of K+ permeability and membrane potential in insulin-secretory cells. In: Flatt PR (eds). Nutrient Regulation of Insulin Secretion, Porland, London, 1992; 173–92.
  6. Hamden K, Carreau S, Lajmi S, Aloulou D, Kchaou D, Elfeki A. Protective effect of 17 β-estradiol on hyperglycemia, stress oxidant, liver dysfunction and histological changes induced by alloxan in male rat pancreas and liver. Steroids 2008; 94:495–501.
  7. Parveen K, Siddiqui WA, Kausar MA, Kuddus M, Shahid SMA, Arif JM. Diabetic nephropathy-a major macrovascular complication. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences. 2016; 5(4): 132-158.
  8. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). VIII. Study design, progress and performance. Diabetologia. 1991;34:877–890.
  9. Hogan P, Dall T, Nikolov P. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:917–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of Diabetes in the US in 2007. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1–20.
  11. World Health Organization. Fact sheet: Diabetes. 2010. [Last accessed on 2012 Jan 12]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/index.html.
  12. Kiss R, Szabó K, Gesztelyi R, Somodi S, Kovács P, Szabó Z, Németh J, Priksz D, Kurucz A, Juhász B, Szilvássy Z. Insulin-Sensitizer Effects of Fenugreek Seeds in Parallel with Changes in Plasma MCH Levels in Healthy Volunteers. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 8;19(3). pii: E771.
  13. Kameswara R, Giri B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C. Herbal medicine in the management of diabetes mellitus. Manphar Vaidhya Patrika 1997; 1:33-5.
  14. Atal CK. Potential newer medicinal plants: Report of the seminar on medicinal plants, phytochemical and bulk drugs. Chemexcil, Cooperage Road, Bombay, India, 1983; 34-36.
  15. Erasto P. Phytochemical analyses and antimicrobial studies on Bolusanthus speciosus and Cassia abbreviata. MPhil thesis, Chemistry Department, University of Botswana, 2003; 2-3.
  16. Hamden K, Masmoudi H, Carreau S, Elfeki A. Immunomodulatory, beta-cell, and neuroprotective actions of fenugreek oil from alloxan-induced diabetes. Immuno pharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2010; 32:437-45.
  17. Haber SL, Keonavong J. Fenugreek use in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70(14):1196, 1198, 1200, 1202-3.
  18. Hamden KK, Keskes H, Belhaj S, Mnafgui K, FekiA , Allouche N. Inhibitory potential of omega-3 fatty and fenugreek essential oil on key enzymes of carbohydrate-digestion and hypertension in diabetes rats. Lipids in Health & Dis. 2011; 10: 226.
  19. Grover JK, Yadav SP. Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 93:123-32.
  20. Basch E, Gabardi S, Ulbricht C. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): a review of efficacy and safety. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003; 60:356-9.
  21. Saxena A, Vikram NK. Role of selected Indian plants in management of type 2 diabetes: a review. J Altern Complement Med. 2004; 10:369-78.
  22. Lo HY, Ho TY, Lin C, Li CC, Hsiang CY. Momordica charantia and its novel polypeptide regulate glucose homeostasis in mice via binding to insulin receptor. J Agric Food Chem. 2013; 61:2461-8.
  23. Paul D, Dey TK, Mukherjee S, Ghosh M, Dhar P. Comparative prophylactic effects of α-eleostearic acid rich nano and conventional emulsions in induced diabetic rats. J Food Sci Technol. 2014; 51:1724-36.
  24. Dhar P, Chattopadhyay K, Bhattacharyya D, Roychoudhury A, Biswas A, Ghosh S. Antioxidative effect of conjugated linolenic acid in diabetic and non-diabetic blood: an in vitro study. J Oleo Sci. 2006; 56:19-24.
  25. Saha SS, Ghosh M. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of conjugated linolenic acid isomers against streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Br J Nutr. 2012; 108:974-83.
  26. Białek A, Teryks M, Tokarz A. Conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA, super CLA)--natural sources and biological activity]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2014; 68:1238-50
  27. Utley HC, Bernheim F, Hochslein P. Effect of sulfhydryl reagent on peroxidation in microsome. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1967; 118:521–531.
  28. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979; 95:351-358.
  29. Claiborne A. Catalase activity. In: Green Wald RA (eds). CRC handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. CRC Press Boca Raton: FL, 1985; 283-4.
  30. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193:265-75.
  31. El-Missiry MA, El Gindy AM. Amelioration of alloxan induced diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress in rats by oil of Eruca sativa seeds. Annals Nutr & Matab. 2000; 44:97–100.
  32. Sankar D, Ali A, Sambandam G, Rao R. Sesame oil exhibits synergistic effect with anti-diabetic medication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Nutr. 2011; 30: 351-58.
  33. Goldstein DE. How much do you know about glycated hemoglobin testing. Clin Diabet. 1995; 13:60–63.
  34. Goldberg RB. Lipid disorders in diabetes. Diabetes care 1981; 4:561–572
  35. Perena JS, Montero E, Sanchez-Doninguez JM, Canicases J, Gascia M, Ruiz-Cnutierriez V: Evaluation of the effect of dietary virgin olive oil on blood pressure and lipid composition of serum and low-density lipoprotein in elderly type 2 diabetes subjects. J Agri & Food Chem. 2009; 57:1142+.
  36. Vassillious EK, Gonzalez A, Garcia C, Tadros JH, Chakraborty G, Toney H: Oleic acid and peanut oil high in oleic acid reverse the inhibitory effect of insulin production of the inflammatory cytokine TNF – alpha both in vitro and in vivo systems. Lipid in Health & Dis. 2009; 26:25.
  37. Stark A, Madar Z. The effect of an ethanol extract derived from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) on bile acid absorption and cholesterol levels in rats. Br J Nutr. 1993; 69:277–87.
  38. Im SJ, Kim GJ. Hypoglycemic effect of Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorumohwi extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Korean J Nutr 1995; 28:727-36.
  39. Stumvoll M, Meyer C, Mitrakou A, Nadkarni V, Gerich JE. Renal glucose production and utilization: new aspects in humans. Diabetologia 1997; 40:749-57.
  40. Parveen K, Khan MR, Siddiqui WA. Pycnogenol® prevents potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2009; 181:343-50.
  41. Hamden K, Keskes H, Elgomdi O, Feki A, Alouche N. Modulatory Effect of an Isolated Triglyceride from Fenugreek Seed Oil on of α-Amylase, Lipase and ACE Activities, Liver-Kidney Functions and Metabolic Disorders of Diabetic Rats. J Oleo Sci. 2017;66(6):633-645.
  42. Wang Q, Wu X, Shi F, Liu Y. Comparison of antidiabetic effects of saponins and polysaccharides from Momordica charantia L. in STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Biomed & Pharmacother.2019;109:744-750.
  43. Berlett BS, Stadtman ER. Protein oxidation in ageing, disease and oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:20313–16.
  44. Parveen K, Khan MR, Mujeeb M, Siddiqui WA. Protective effects of Pycnogenol® on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2010; 186:219- 27,
  45. Parveen K, Siddiqui WA. Protective effect of Butea monosperma on high fat diet and streptozotocin induced non-genetic rat model of type 2 diabetes: biochemical and histological evidences. Int J of Pharma &Pharma Sci. 2011; 3:74-81.
  46. Devi BA, Kamalakkannan N, Prince PS. Supplementation of fenugreek leaves to diabetic rats. Effect on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in diabetic liver and kidney. Phytother Res. 2003; 17:1231–3.
  47. Moosa AM, Rashid MU, Asadi AZS, Ara N, Uddin MM, Ferdaus A. Hypolipidemic effects of fenugreek seed powder. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2006; 1:64–67.
  48. Avalos-SorianoA, De la Cruz-Cordero R, Rosado JL, Garcia-Gasca T.4-Hydroxyisoleucine from Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): Effects on insulin resistance associated with obesity. Molecules. 2016;21(11).
  49. Raju J, Gupta D, Rao AR, Yadava PK, Baquer NZ. Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed powder improves glucose homeostasis in alloxan diabetic rat tissues by reversing the altered glycolytic, gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001; 224:45–51.
  50. Ahmad Z., Zamhuri K. F., Yaacob A., et al. In vitro anti-diabetic activities and chemical analysis of polypeptide-k and oil isolated from seeds of Momordica charantia (bitter gourd). Molecule. 2012; 17:9631–40.
  51. Iseli TJ, Turner N, Zeng XY, Cooney GJ, Kraegen EW, Yao S, Ye Y, James DE, Ye JM. Activation of AMPK by bitter melon triterpenoids involves CaMKKβ. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e62309.
  52. Krawinkel MB, Keding GB. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutr Rev. 2006; 64:331-7.
  53. Chaturvedi P. Antidiabetic potentials of Momordica charantia: multiple mechanisms behind the effects. J of Med Food 2012; 15:101–7.

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References


Green J, Feinglos M. Update on type 2 diabetes mellitus: understanding changes in the diabetes treatment paradigm. Int J Clin Prac 2007; 61: 3–11.

International Diabetes Federation .Global Prevalence Diabetes Data is available from the IDF Diabetes Atlas 4th Edition, 2009.

Khunti K, Ganguli S. Who looks after people with diabetes: primary or secondary care? J R Soc Med. 2000; 93: 183–6.

Mahler RJ, Adler ML. Clinical review 102: Type 2 diabetes mellitus: update on diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84:1165-71.

Henquin C, Debuyser A, Drews G, Plant TD. Regulation of K+ permeability and membrane potential in insulin-secretory cells. In: Flatt PR (eds). Nutrient Regulation of Insulin Secretion, Porland, London, 1992; 173–92.

Hamden K, Carreau S, Lajmi S, Aloulou D, Kchaou D, Elfeki A. Protective effect of 17 β-estradiol on hyperglycemia, stress oxidant, liver dysfunction and histological changes induced by alloxan in male rat pancreas and liver. Steroids 2008; 94:495–501.

Parveen K, Siddiqui WA, Kausar MA, Kuddus M, Shahid SMA, Arif JM. Diabetic nephropathy-a major macrovascular complication. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences. 2016; 5(4): 132-158.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS). VIII. Study design, progress and performance. Diabetologia. 1991;34:877–890.

Hogan P, Dall T, Nikolov P. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:917–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of Diabetes in the US in 2007. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:1–20.

World Health Organization. Fact sheet: Diabetes. 2010. [Last accessed on 2012 Jan 12]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/index.html.

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Kiss R, Szabó K, Gesztelyi R, Somodi S, Kovács P, Szabó Z, Németh J, Priksz D, Kurucz A, Juhász B, Szilvássy Z. Insulin-Sensitizer Effects of Fenugreek Seeds in Parallel with Changes in Plasma MCH Levels in Healthy Volunteers. Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 8;19(3). pii: E771.

Kameswara R, Giri B, Kesavulu MM, Apparao C. Herbal medicine in the management of diabetes mellitus. Manphar Vaidhya Patrika 1997; 1:33-5.

Atal CK. Potential newer medicinal plants: Report of the seminar on medicinal plants, phytochemical and bulk drugs. Chemexcil, Cooperage Road, Bombay, India, 1983; 34-36.

Erasto P. Phytochemical analyses and antimicrobial studies on Bolusanthus speciosus and Cassia abbreviata. MPhil thesis, Chemistry Department, University of Botswana, 2003; 2-3.

Hamden K, Masmoudi H, Carreau S, Elfeki A. Immunomodulatory, beta-cell, and neuroprotective actions of fenugreek oil from alloxan-induced diabetes. Immuno pharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2010; 32:437-45.

Haber SL, Keonavong J. Fenugreek use in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70(14):1196, 1198, 1200, 1202-3.

Hamden KK, Keskes H, Belhaj S, Mnafgui K, FekiA , Allouche N. Inhibitory potential of omega-3 fatty and fenugreek essential oil on key enzymes of carbohydrate-digestion and hypertension in diabetes rats. Lipids in Health & Dis. 2011; 10: 226.

Grover JK, Yadav SP. Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 93:123-32.

Basch E, Gabardi S, Ulbricht C. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): a review of efficacy and safety. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003; 60:356-9.

Saxena A, Vikram NK. Role of selected Indian plants in management of type 2 diabetes: a review. J Altern Complement Med. 2004; 10:369-78.

Lo HY, Ho TY, Lin C, Li CC, Hsiang CY. Momordica charantia and its novel polypeptide regulate glucose homeostasis in mice via binding to insulin receptor. J Agric Food Chem. 2013; 61:2461-8.

Paul D, Dey TK, Mukherjee S, Ghosh M, Dhar P. Comparative prophylactic effects of α-eleostearic acid rich nano and conventional emulsions in induced diabetic rats. J Food Sci Technol. 2014; 51:1724-36.

Dhar P, Chattopadhyay K, Bhattacharyya D, Roychoudhury A, Biswas A, Ghosh S. Antioxidative effect of conjugated linolenic acid in diabetic and non-diabetic blood: an in vitro study. J Oleo Sci. 2006; 56:19-24.

Saha SS, Ghosh M. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of conjugated linolenic acid isomers against streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Br J Nutr. 2012; 108:974-83.

Białek A, Teryks M, Tokarz A. Conjugated linolenic acids (CLnA, super CLA)--natural sources and biological activity]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw. 2014; 68:1238-50

Utley HC, Bernheim F, Hochslein P. Effect of sulfhydryl reagent on peroxidation in microsome. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1967; 118:521–531.

Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979; 95:351-358.

Claiborne A. Catalase activity. In: Green Wald RA (eds). CRC handbook of methods for oxygen radical research. CRC Press Boca Raton: FL, 1985; 283-4.

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Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193:265-75.

El-Missiry MA, El Gindy AM. Amelioration of alloxan induced diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress in rats by oil of Eruca sativa seeds. Annals Nutr & Matab. 2000; 44:97–100.

Sankar D, Ali A, Sambandam G, Rao R. Sesame oil exhibits synergistic effect with anti-diabetic medication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Nutr. 2011; 30: 351-58.

Goldstein DE. How much do you know about glycated hemoglobin testing. Clin Diabet. 1995; 13:60–63.

Goldberg RB. Lipid disorders in diabetes. Diabetes care 1981; 4:561–572

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Perena JS, Montero E, Sanchez-Doninguez JM, Canicases J, Gascia M, Ruiz-Cnutierriez V: Evaluation of the effect of dietary virgin olive oil on blood pressure and lipid composition of serum and low-density lipoprotein in elderly type 2 diabetes subjects. J Agri & Food Chem. 2009; 57:1142+.

Vassillious EK, Gonzalez A, Garcia C, Tadros JH, Chakraborty G, Toney H: Oleic acid and peanut oil high in oleic acid reverse the inhibitory effect of insulin production of the inflammatory cytokine TNF – alpha both in vitro and in vivo systems. Lipid in Health & Dis. 2009; 26:25.

Stark A, Madar Z. The effect of an ethanol extract derived from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) on bile acid absorption and cholesterol levels in rats. Br J Nutr. 1993; 69:277–87.

Im SJ, Kim GJ. Hypoglycemic effect of Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorumohwi extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Korean J Nutr 1995; 28:727-36.

Stumvoll M, Meyer C, Mitrakou A, Nadkarni V, Gerich JE. Renal glucose production and utilization: new aspects in humans. Diabetologia 1997; 40:749-57.

Parveen K, Khan MR, Siddiqui WA. Pycnogenol® prevents potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2009; 181:343-50.

Hamden K, Keskes H, Elgomdi O, Feki A, Alouche N. Modulatory Effect of an Isolated Triglyceride from Fenugreek Seed Oil on of α-Amylase, Lipase and ACE Activities, Liver-Kidney Functions and Metabolic Disorders of Diabetic Rats. J Oleo Sci. 2017;66(6):633-645.

Wang Q, Wu X, Shi F, Liu Y. Comparison of antidiabetic effects of saponins and polysaccharides from Momordica charantia L. in STZ-induced type 2 diabetic mice. Biomed & Pharmacother.2019;109:744-750.

Berlett BS, Stadtman ER. Protein oxidation in ageing, disease and oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:20313–16.

Parveen K, Khan MR, Mujeeb M, Siddiqui WA. Protective effects of Pycnogenol® on hyperglycemia-induced oxidative damage in the liver of type 2 diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2010; 186:219- 27,

Parveen K, Siddiqui WA. Protective effect of Butea monosperma on high fat diet and streptozotocin induced non-genetic rat model of type 2 diabetes: biochemical and histological evidences. Int J of Pharma &Pharma Sci. 2011; 3:74-81.

Devi BA, Kamalakkannan N, Prince PS. Supplementation of fenugreek leaves to diabetic rats. Effect on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in diabetic liver and kidney. Phytother Res. 2003; 17:1231–3.

Moosa AM, Rashid MU, Asadi AZS, Ara N, Uddin MM, Ferdaus A. Hypolipidemic effects of fenugreek seed powder. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2006; 1:64–67.

Avalos-SorianoA, De la Cruz-Cordero R, Rosado JL, Garcia-Gasca T.4-Hydroxyisoleucine from Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): Effects on insulin resistance associated with obesity. Molecules. 2016;21(11).

Raju J, Gupta D, Rao AR, Yadava PK, Baquer NZ. Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed powder improves glucose homeostasis in alloxan diabetic rat tissues by reversing the altered glycolytic, gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001; 224:45–51.

Ahmad Z., Zamhuri K. F., Yaacob A., et al. In vitro anti-diabetic activities and chemical analysis of polypeptide-k and oil isolated from seeds of Momordica charantia (bitter gourd). Molecule. 2012; 17:9631–40.

Iseli TJ, Turner N, Zeng XY, Cooney GJ, Kraegen EW, Yao S, Ye Y, James DE, Ye JM. Activation of AMPK by bitter melon triterpenoids involves CaMKKβ. PLoS One. 2013; 8:e62309.

Krawinkel MB, Keding GB. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia): A dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutr Rev. 2006; 64:331-7.

Chaturvedi P. Antidiabetic potentials of Momordica charantia: multiple mechanisms behind the effects. J of Med Food 2012; 15:101–7.

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Author Biography

Waseem Ahmad Siddiqui, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

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